Writing development progresses through five stages: pre-phonemic, early phonemic, random letters, invented spelling, and conventional writing. Learn more here.

Word recognition is the ability to identify words by sight. Discover effective ways to help students build this skill through practice, exposure, and more.

The five stages of reading development are emergent pre-reading, early reading, transitional reading, intermediate reading, and advanced reading. Read on for a guide.

The schwa is the most common vowel sound in English, often an unstressed “uh.” Learn how to teach it effectively with this step-by-step guide.

Metacognition prompts students to look beyond the tasks they undertake or the books they read. It fosters deep thinking and self-reflection about the material they encounter.

Reading prosody brings written words to life. It includes the intonation, rhythm, pitch, and stress of words in language. Read on for effective teaching strategies.