It is not enough for assessments to be designed for a specific purpose and technically adequate (i.e., reliability and validity in the traditional sense).

Let’s look at the English Learner through a linguistic lens and consider two different constructs: language acquisition and literacy development. These two are independent constructs with their own characteristics and phases of development.

There has been much debate about high-stakes testing in this past year and particularly as students have returned to in-person learning with the uncertainty of remaining in person.